The Watchtower, April 15, 1955
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WATCHTOWER
APRIL 15,1955 Semimonthly
KEEPING INTEGRITY
Announcing JEHOVAH'S KINGDOM
AIDS TO PREVENT LOSS OF INTEGRITY
BIBLICAL MEASURES
THE TRUE CHRISTIAN CONGREGATION
HUNTING AND FISHING FOR MEN
© WTB&TS THE PURPOSE OF "THE WATCHTOWER"
Literal towers in Bible times were elevated vantage points from which watchmen could observe happenings, warn of danger, or announce good news. Our magazine figuratively occupies such a vantage point, for it is founded on the very pinnacle of wisdom, God's Word. That elevates it above racial, national and political propagandas and prejudices, frees it from selfish bias. It is not bound by any traditional creed, but its message advances as the light on God's purposes and works increases.—Habakkuk 2:1-3.
It sees things Scripturally. When it observes this generation afflicted with greed, delinquency, hypocrisy, atheism, war, famine, pestilence, perplexity and fear, and persecution of unpopular minorities, it does not parrot the old fable about history repeating itself. Informed by Bible prophecy, it sees in these things the sign of the world's time of the end. But with bright hope it also sees opening up for us just beyond these woes the portals of a new world.
Thus viewed, "The Watchtower" stands as a watchman atop a tower, alert to what is going on, awake to note signs of danger, faithful to point out the way of escape. It announces Jehovah's kingdom established by Christ's enthronement in heaven, feeds his kingdom joint-heirs with spiritual food, cheers men of good will with glorious prospects of eternal life in a paradise earth, comforts us with the resurrection promise for the dead.
It is not dogmatic, but has a confident ring in its voice, because it is based on God's Word. It does not privately interpret prophecy, but calls attention to physical facts, sets them alongside prophecy, and you see for yourself how well the two match, how accurately Jehovah interprets his own prophecy. In the interests of our salvation, it keeps sharp and faithful focus on Bible truth, and views religious news generally.
'Be watchful in these perilous times,' God admonishes. So keep on the watch by regularly reading "The Watchtower".
ပြီး
PUBLISHED BY THE WATCH TOWER BIBLE & TRACT SOCIETY
117 Adams Street
Brooklyn 1, N. Y., U. S. A.
N. H. KNORR, President
GRANT SUITER, Secretary
"They will all be taught by Jehovah."—John 6:45, NW; Isaiah 54:13
CONTENTS
<tr><th>CONTENTS
The Cultural Breakdown
The True Christian Congregation
“Please Cancel Our Subscription”
Hunting and Fishing for Men
How Do You Measure Up?
Modern History of Jehovah’s Witnesses<br>Part 8: International Attempt to Destroy Society Fails
Biblical Measures
Keeping Integrity
Aids to Prevent Loss of Integrity
Questions from Readers
Out of Darkness into Light
AS- American Standard Version
LXX- The Septuagint Version
AT-An American Translation
Mo-James Moffatt's version
Da-J. N. Darby's version
NW-New World Translation
Dy-Catholic Douay version
Ro-J. B. Rotherham's version
ED-The Emphatic Diaglott
RS-Revised Standard Version
Le-Isaac Leeser's version
Yg-Robert Young's version
Unless otherwise indicated, the Bible used is the King James Version
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The Cultural Breakdown
NEVER before in history have so many words been spoken or written that are not worth hearing or reading. Why is it that a swamp of vapid and vulgar thoughts has bogged down the entire world? Is this not the age of enlightenment? Is this not the age when cultural standards should rise to a new zenith? Yet world-wide the cultural standards are breaking down. Some have not awakened to this fact yet. This is because the number of college students grows, the interest in creative arts widens, the circulation of books and magazines expands and the attendance at art galleries increases. Yet culture, which has to do with fineness of taste and thought, is measured not by quantity but by quality. What, then, is the quality of what is popular in literature, entertainment, art and music?
When we take music for an example we find that much of what is called "popular" is less than good; indeed, far less than mediocre. True culture produces music as well as hears it. Today, though, few are the music-makers; the overwhelming many are the quiescent listeners. Thus Douglas Gilbert wrote in his book Lost Chords: "America is no longer a melodic nation. We do not sing any more. We are sung at."
The whole meaning of culture has degenerated. Even the phrase "man of culture" sounds old-fashioned. And even the
word "discrimination" seems to have lost its meaning of distinguishing good from bad and has been narrowed down to racial intolerance. Culture itself has degenerated into pursuit of devices of self-entertainment. Most people spend more time and money on entertainment than they do on self-improvement. This is natural, since culture is believed to be readily purchasable at the television store or the box office. Yet much of what appears on the movie and TV screen develops in its audience a shallow and shoddy taste.
What shall we say of modern art? Just this: it puts more emphasis on perplexity than on beauty. Likewise modern literature has put more emphasis on the abnormal than on what is beautiful. Judging by the popular novels and magazines, millions of people in the world's most civilized nations are living in a dream world of romantic or lurid unreality. The grim significance lies not just in the fact that people crave escape from reality but in what people want to escape into—childish sentimentality or physical unrestraint. Before World War II Germans were reading Tarzan; he was their favorite. But Tarzan is mild compared with the heroes of modern novels, especially the heroes of drugstore libraries.
Novels used to bring warmth to the heart. Now the more soul-chilling the book is the more likely it is to succeed.
When one critic reviewed a novel in the New York Times here is what he said: "The author in the past has frequently been crippled by too much loving compassion. . . Lately a new and healthier sinister note has crept into Mr. Morris' novels. . . His charming native types, his average husbands and wives, have grown slightly monstrous; his homely domestic circles have come to resemble the lairs of female animals strewn with the carcasses of men. What was once warming to the heart is now chilling, and with the change Mr. Morris has acquired new meaning and stature as a novelist." Why the new stature? Because of a "healthier sinister note"! The whole world has gone psychopathic; so perhaps to many the "sinister note" really is healthy and normal. What a delusion!
What of the newspapers? They are a tremendous potential for raising cultural standards. Yet the tabloid that features sex and crimes becomes a nation's bestselling newspaper. If cultivated people object, the tabloid editors have a ready-made answer: they print only what the public wants. And so it is that one of the standard questions for determining a person's culture and intelligence (what does he read?) can almost be narrowed down to what newspaper does he buy? So degrading has the press become that one writer went so far as to say: "If one were searching for the best means to efface and kill in a whole nation the discipline of respect, the feeling for what is elevated, one could not do better than take the American newspapers."
But the cultural breakdown reaches far beyond America. The newstands of Europe bear this out. Recently Dennis W. Brogan wrote: "Progress has been the same in Britain as in the United States; as mere literacy has spread, so apparently have taste, decency and the power of reflection
diminished." Yes, the cultural breakdown has illuminated the present war against reflection and solitude. If one remains alone to meditate and read, he is believed to be antisocial. The advent of the cinema, TV and the portable radio has reduced the possibility of anyone's being left prey to his own thoughts.
Today liberal arts, subjects studied for culture rather than for immediate practical use (literature, languages, history, etc.) are in full retreat. Agreeing with this, Princeton University's president Harold W. Dodds declared: "America's vast system of tax-supported secondary education is not fulfilling its duty to the mind... Its greatest weakness has come from playing down academic scholarship." Most of America's postwar expansion in schools has been vocational. But are not the graduates of today's schools vocationally competent and mentally alert? Yes, but as one educator put it: "Those who look beneath the surface of these attractive graduates find limitations in mental self-discipline, humane values, firm ethical concepts, historical perspective, qualitative standards and depth and accuracy of knowledge."
Long ago a writer of depth and understanding explained how important it is for men to fix their thoughts on whatever things are righteous, chaste, lovable and of good report. Yet today's mass mediums of communication, with the people's zestful consent, seem devoted to fixing public attention on whatever things are trivial, ugly, vulgar, lewd and of ill report. Clearly, the cultural breakdown is here. It had to come. For we are in the "last days" of a destruction-bound, evil world whose god is Satan the Devil. So another part of the sign of the old world's end is before our eyes: 'Know this, that in the last days critical times hard to deal with will be here. For men will be without love of goodness.' 2 Tim. 3:1-3, NW. True Christian Congregation
A TRAVELER arrived at a small Midwestern town in the United States on a Sunday morning. Being a regular churchgoer, he asked the first townman he met: "Stranger, where can I find the X—— church?" The stranger replied: "The X—— church is to be found all over town but they meet over at First and Main Streets." Though this anecdote is often repeated as an attempt at humor it nevertheless illustrates a point germane to our discussion, for, according to the Bible, the Christian church is not a building of wood or stone but the Christian congregation.
To avoid confusion it seems best therefore to speak of the Christian congregation rather than the Christian church. The terms "church" and "churches" occur some 115 times in the Authorized Version, and in all but one instance they translate the Greek word ekklesia, which means, not a building, but an assembly, a congregation, and more specifically, an assembly that
has been summoned, a congregation that has been called out.
While some hold that their religious body alone is the true Christian congregation, others believe that all who lay claim to being Christian together constitute the Christian congregation and that such are
just so many different roads all leading to heaven. However, if that were true it would mean that the Christian congregation is divided, and the apostle Paul, an
authority on the subject, unequivocally states that Christ is not divided: "Disclosure was made to me about you, my brothers, . . . that dissensions exist among you. What I mean is this, that each one of you says: 'I belong to Paul,' 'But I to Apollos,' 'But I to Cephas,' 'But I to Christ.' Does the Christ exist divided?" Clearly those words indicate that the true Christian congregation is not divided into hundreds of contradictory sects and creeds.—1 Cor. 1:11-13, NW.
Many different religious bodies lay claim to being the one true Christian congregation. How can we determine whether such claims are true or false? What are the origin, purpose and destiny of the true Christian congregation? How can it be identified?
Making for the unity of the Christian congregation is the fact that it recognizes only one head, Christ Jesus: "He is the head of the body, the congregation." To the
extent that the head is in control, the body functions harmoniously. And changing the illustration from a body to a city or temple, we find that the Christian congregation has "been built up upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, while Christ Jesus himself
is the foundation cornerstone."—Col. 1:18; Eph.2:20, NW.
Christ made no provision for a clergylaity distinction in the Christian congregation but said, "Do not you be called 'Rabbi', for one is your teacher, whereas all you are brothers.
Moreover, do not call anyone your father on earth, for One is your Father, the heavenly One." However, he did provide for overseers and assistants, missionaries, shepherds and teachers, "with a view to the training of the holy ones for ministerial work, for the building up of the body of the Christ." There was no clergy-laity distinction, because all were preachers. Christ set the example for all to follow, even as Paul shows: "Become imitators of me, even as I am of Christ." Matt. 23:8,9; Eph. 4:11,12; 1 Cor. 11:1 NW.
After Jesus' death we find that a governing body, consisting of the apostles and other mature disciples, resided in Jerusalem. This was consulted when perplexing questions came up, such as the matter of Gentile converts' being circumcised. After ascertaining God's mind on the matter it sent letters of instructions to the various local congregations. (Acts 15:1-35) This made for unity in understanding and preaching. It is reasonable to expect that today there would also be a governing body. Only by means of such an instrument could the Christian congregation on earth today be united in understanding and activity.
According to God's Word the Christian congregation is limited to 144,000 called, chosen and faithful ones: "And I saw, and look! the Lamb standing upon the mount Zion, and with him a hundred and forty-four thousand having his name and the name of his Father written on their foreheads. . . . These were purchased from among mankind as a firstfruits to God." That this number is literal is seen from Revelation 7, where it is also given and contrasted with a great crowd from all nations that no man could number. Not that only 144,000 will ever gain salvation,
but that only that number will gain the heavenly inheritance as choice "firstfruits." Jesus called them a little flock and, compared with all mankind, the Christian congregation of 144,000 is a little flock. Rev. 14:1, 4; Luke 12:32, NW.
CALLING OUT THE CHRISTIAN CONGREGATION
The very first essential to becoming one of the Christian congregation is a knowledge of and faith in Jehovah God and his purposes, and particularly of his provision for life through the sacrifice of his Son Christ Jesus. And since "faith without works is dead," one must prove his faith by turning his back on the world and his past selfish course, dedicating himself to the doing of God's will. Then he must make public declaration of that fact by being baptized, in keeping with Jesus' command: "Make disciples of people of all the nations, baptizing them."—Jas. 2:26; Matt. 28:19, 20, NW.
It is from those who have taken the foregoing steps that God chooses the individual members of the Christian congregation. This he does by accepting their dedication, by declaring them righteous on the basis of their faith in Christ's blood, and then bringing them forth or acknowledging them as his sons by means of his Word and his holy spirit, awakening in them a hope of life in the heavens with Christ Jesus. On the basis of this they now seek "glory and honor and incorruptibility by endurance in work that is good." Jas. 1:18; Rom. 2:7, NW.
The Christian congregation, as regards Christ's body, began at Pentecost, when the holy spirit was poured out on the 120 gathered in Jerusalem, Christ Jesus there opening up a new and living way. It follows, then, that none who lived before that time were of the Christian congregation; which fact explains why Jesus said that, although none born of women were greater than John the Baptist, yet the least in the kingdom of heaven would be greater than John. For nineteen hundred years God has been selecting the Christian congregation, and the emphasis that he has caused to be placed on the earthly blessings he has in store for others, particularly since 1931, would indicate the heavenly number is about complete.-Matt. 11:11.
While most professed Christians are familiar with the many promises God's Word contains regarding the heavenly glory awaiting the Christian congregation, comparatively few are familiar with or take seriously the purpose of the Christian congregation while on earth. Following Christ Jesus is not merely a matter of cleaning up one's morals, for he had clean morals to begin with. Jesus repeatedly testified, both by word and by action, that the purpose of his coming to earth was that he "should bear witness to the truth." And so, regarding his followers we are told that God "turned his attention to the nations to take out of them a people for his name," and that this people, his Christian congregation, are "'a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people for special possession, that you should declare abroad the excellencies' of the one that called you out of darkness into his wonderful light."—John 18:37; Acts 15:14; 1 Pet. 2:9, NW.
IDENTIFYING THE TRUE CHRISTIAN CONGREGATION
In view of the many denominations that claim to be the true Christian congregation, by what rule, canon or touchstone can we determine which has the right to that claim? By God's Word, since Jesus said of it, "Your word is truth."—John 17:17, NW.
Yes, since Jesus accepted the Bible as God's Word, it must follow that the Christian congregation accepts the inspiration
of the Bible. Paul reasoned from the Scriptures, the Bereans were commended for checking by their Bibles everything they heard Paul say; and he wrote Timothy: "All Scripture is inspired of God and beneficial for teaching, . . . that the man of God may be fully competent, completely equipped for every good work." And Peter stated that "men spoke from God as they were borne along by holy spirit." It follows, therefore, that no religious body that fails to accept the Bible as the inspired Word of God could be the Christian congregation.—2 Tim. 3:15-17; 2 Pet. 1:19-21; Acts 17:2, 11, NW.
Further, Jesus said to his followers on the night of his betrayal: "I am giving you a new commandment, that you love one another; just as I have loved you, that you also love one another. By this all will know that you are my disciples, if you have love among yourselves." It follows that all professed Christians who are divided economically, bitterly fighting one another either as employer versus employee or as competitor; or politically, at election time slinging mud at one another; or nationally, in time of war going out to kill one another, such as Methodist killing Methodist, Lutheran killing Lutheran or Catholic killing Catholic, could not be of the true Christian congregation, for they are not loving one another as Christ Jesus loved his followers, by laying his life down for them. John 13:34, 35, NW.
Helping us further to identify the true Christian congregation are Jesus' words that his followers would be no part of the world: "Because you are no part of the world, but I have chosen you out of the world, on this account the world hates you." And the disciple James stated that pure worship consisted of keeping oneself unspotted by the world and that "friendship with the world is enmity with God." John 15:19; Jas. 1:27; 4:4, NW. And not only was the true Christian congregation to be unpopular, and no part of this world, but it was to be violently persecuted: "All those desiring to live with godly devotion in association with Christ Jesus will also be persecuted."
It follows, then, that all who mix in with the world's politics and business schemes and who are well thought of by it could not be the true congregation.2 Tim. 3:12, NW.
Christ Jesus while on earth preached the good news of God's kingdom and he foretold that at the time of his return and the end of this wicked old system of things "this good news of the kingdom will be preached in all the inhabited earth for the purpose of a witness to all the nations." This eliminates from the claimants to being the true Christian congregation all those who hold out the governments of man as God's kingdom or who look to such schemes as the United Nations organization or the World Federalist movement to bring about righteous and peaceful conditions upon earth. And it would also eliminate any whose message is not being
preached in all the world.—Matt. 24:14, NW.
And finally, the true Christian congregation must have evidence of God's blessing upon it. It must grow and prosper in quality and numbers in spite of all the temptations and pressures that the Devil and the world can bring against it. As Gamaliel well said to his associates in the Sanhedrin: "If this scheme and this work is from men, it will be overthrown; but if it is from God, you will not be able to overthrow them." Yes, far from seeking special favors from worldly governments the true Christian congregation will thrive in spite of persecution by such governments.—Acts 5:38, 39, NW.
Having noted the nature of the structure of the true Christian congregation, how it is chosen, its origin, purpose and destiny, and how it can be identified, it is the responsibility of each one who would have God's approval and gain everlasting life to determine which professed Christian organization "is the congregation of the living God, a pillar and support of the truth."—1 Tim. 3:15, NW.
"Please Cancel Our Subscription"
In March, 1954, a Mrs. W wrote the Watchtower Society requesting her subscription for The Watchtower to be canceled as some of its articles were "not exactly to our liking." In reply the Society observed that if she could be more specific about her objections it might be able to make explanations and then she doubtless "would be glad to continue to receive our magazine. Since the purpose of our magazine is to be of help we do not like to cancel any subscriptions." In December, 1954, the Society was glad to receive the following letter:
"Some time ago (about six months), I wrote you a letter requesting that The Watchtower no longer be sent to us as
our views differed so greatly. At that time you folks sent me a wonderful letter and some fine literature which I studied.
"It has taken quite some while to 'uproot' my Catholic belief and traditions; but now I feel I can write you a letter of sincere thanks and gratitude, not only for myself, but also for my husband and two children. Our sincere desire is to keep learning more and more of Jehovah's wonderful truths and be able to tell others the glorious good news and the happiness it brings into our everyday living.
"Thank you again for your wonderful publications and the opportunity of being able to share in the truth of Jehovah's kingdom.
Very sincerely, [signed]”
completely equipped for every good work." (2 Pet. 1:21; 2 Tim. 3:17) Included in such things, therefore, are his words at Jeremiah 16:16 (AS): "Behold, I will send for many fishers, saith Jehovah, and they shall fish them up; and afterward I will send for many hunters, and they shall hunt them from every mountain, and from every hill, and out of the clefts of the rocks."
FISHING FOR MEN OF GOOD WILL
men
"JEHOVAH knows those that belong to him." And who belong to him? All lovers of righteousness who are of good will toward God. Because many such are still confused and scattered Jehovah God is having a gathering work done in our day, a work described by the prophet Jeremiah as 'hunting' and 'fishing.'
Time and again God's Word likens men of good will to fish. Thus the prophet Ezekiel foretold that a life-giving stream of truth would come forth from God's temple "and it shall come to pass, that every thing that liveth, which moveth, whithersoever the rivers shall come, shall live: and there shall be a very great multitude of fish, because these waters shall come thither: for they shall be healed; and every thing shall live whither the river cometh. And it shall
Many are inclined to view disparagingly whatever Jeremiah had to say regarding the future and term him a "calam-
ity howler." In fact, anyone that foretells evil events is likely to be termed a "Jeremiah." Such critics, however, overlook the fact that in foretelling Jerusalem's desolation Jeremiah was not expressing his own opinions but the inspired sayings of Jehovah God, and therefore in finding fault with Jeremiah they are actually finding fault with Jehoshall stand upon it . . to spread forth nets; their fish shall be according to their kinds, as the fish of the great sea, exceeding many."
—Ezek. 47:1-10.
Also, Jesus, when calling his first disciples, called them to
leave their fishing business and to become fishers of men. And likewise in his illustration
overlook the fact that Jeremiah's warning was timely and that his prophecies were fulfilled, in miniature, back there.
In miniature? Yes, because Jeremiah, being one of those men of old who "spoke from God as they were borne along by holy spirit," wrote things "for our instruction, that we" might be "fully competent,
tion of "a dragnet let down into the sea and scooping up fish of every kind." Once, when in obedience to Jesus' instructions, Peter and his companions caught such a draught of fish that the net broke, and even their boat began to sink because of the large catch of fish, Jesus said to Peter: "From now on you will be catching men alive."—Matt. 13:47; Luke 5:10, NW. Now fishing for literal fish is hard work and it means getting out in all kinds of weather.
To manage large nets requires co-operation with others. It also means being familiar with the habits of the fish and what kinds of bait to use for the various kinds of fish. It also requires knowledge of where schools of fish are most likely to be found, in what kind of weather or time of day, month or year.
The same is true of fishing for men. It means work, perseverance; it means getting out in all kinds of weather, and it means co-operating with others. It means being all things to all people; it means being able to present the message appealingly to all kinds of persons. As the apostle Paul expressed it: "For, though I am free from all persons, I have made myself the slave to all, that I might gain the most persons. And so to the Jews I became as a Jew, that I might gain Jews; to those under law I became as under law, though I myself am not under law, that I might gain those under law. To those without law I became as without law, although I am not without law toward God but under law toward Christ, that I might gain those without law. To the weak I became weak, that I might gain the weak. I have become all things to people of all kinds, that I may by all means save some. But I do all things for the sake of the good news, that I may become a sharer of it with others."—1 Cor. 9:19-23, NW.
And just as the apostles sometimes fished all night without catching any fish, so today Jehovah's fishers of men may work long hours with seemingly little results. And yet it is worthwhile, as the following letter from some missionaries shows:
"Sure there are days when we hardly place a booklet or a tract, even though because of the law, we cannot ask for contributions. But there are other quarters
where we do have more success. It is not for us to say that in our assignment there are no more sheeplike ones and so we no longer need to go from house to house. There are still people who have never heard of us and still more who do not know what we are really here for and doing. After nine months we have six Bible studies in the homes of the people and within five months of studying one woman took her stand and was baptized. While it is hard to find interest because the people are so afraid of one another, still we must be positive. With a negative mind you cannot be persistent, you tire more easily. If you are not patient enough you soon lose sight of your purpose." Yes, fishing for men takes perseverance.
HUNTING FOR MEN OF GOOD WILL
Because of the unfaithfulness of the professed shepherds of Christendom and their indifference to the spiritual needs of men of good will these are said to be scattered upon every mountain and every hill and to have hidden themselves in the clefts of the rocks. Now, before Armageddon breaks and it is too late to flee, these must be sought out and stirred up by the hunters to come forth and identify themselves as for Jehovah God and his kingdom.
Hunting requires courage, endurance, alertness, promptness to spring into action, constant keeping on the track and stalking the game; a diligent search of the isolated and scattered parts, leaving no place untouched or uninvestigated, and particularly the places where game are wont to come for food, drink or rest in security, and even to leave some choice desired food for the scent of the game and to invite and attract them to manifest themselves. It requires watching and waiting, with hope. Where many hunters work together, they surround a certain area, which they have divided off, and then move in steadily toward the center, beating the bushes or underbrush as they draw together in order to stir up their quarry.
Thus they work together in unity, and jointly seek to let nothing escape, and they assist and help one another. They carry their equipment with them, keep their eyes and ears open, entertain no fear of creatures, and act with speed in the use of the provided equipment.
All the foregoing aspects of hunting find their likeness in the modern-day hunting for men of good will. It also takes courage to ignore the reproaches of men, the taunts and ridicule of acquaintances, relatives and professed friends and continue to hunt. It also means going to the most distant and well-nigh inaccessible parts of one's territory; it means going to isolated territory, it means covering territory so thoroughly that no house remains that has not received the witness. It also means going forth as missionaries to territories never before witnessed to, just like the apostle Paul, and it also means preaching underground as Jehovah's witnesses are doing today in such totalitarian lands as the
Dominican Republic, Spain and the lands behind the iron curtain.
Today, according to the 1955 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, there are upward of 580,000 Christian witnesses of Jehovah having a share in hunting and fishing for men of good will. The eighty million hours that they devoted to this activity during the past year represented much hard work, but with it also went much happiness and a splendid increase. Because of the importance of this activity they make everything secondary thereto, even as Jehovah commanded Jeremiah and Christ Jesus commanded his disciples. And just as the lives of Jesus and of his apostles and other disciples were rich and full because of their service to God and on behalf of their fellow man, so to the extent that the servants of Jehovah today engage in the hunting and fishing work to that extent their lives will be rich and full. Soon Jehovah's vengeance, which Jeremiah also foretold, will be expressed and then there will be no more hunting and fishing for men of good will. Are you doing all you can before it is too late?
HOW DO YOU MEASURE UP?
At a recent assembly of Jehovah's witnesses in Cincinnati, Ohio, a transit company supervisor said he had expected a group of radicals, unreasonable fanatics, who would be difficult to handle. He was amazed, he said, to discover that they were just ordinary people like himself. He said a colored cook with whom he talked could say more in five minutes than he had known in his life, that a little boy quoted more scriptures than any preacher he knew, and that this was the first organization of its kind he had met that was reasonable, logical and easy to get along with and deal with. The witnesses appreciate his comments, but it also reminds us, does it not, of the knowledge that we must have and the high standards we must maintain in order to bring the proper respect to the name we bear?
"Uninformed Persons"
The following appeared in News Notes of the Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors, Vol. 6, No. 7, September, 1954: "The United Press reports that an East German court has imposed sentences totaling 64 years on nine Jehovah's witnesses. The sect is outlawed in the Communist zone. In this country, a good many uninformed persons seem to think J.W.'s are helping the Communists."
MODERN HISTORY of Jehovah's Witnesses
INTERNATIONAL ATTEMPT TO DESTROY SOCIETY FAILS
MODERN HISTORY of Jehovah's Witnesses
Part 8
INTERNATIONAL ATTEMPT TO DESTROY SOCIETY FAILS
LATER in February, 1918, the United States Army Intelligence Bureau at New York city began an investigation of the Watch Tower Society's Brooklyn headquarters. False reports had circulated that the Society had installed upon the Bethel home a powerful wireless station capable of sending messages across the Atlantic, and that this instrument was used to communicate with the German enemy. The facts are that in Pastor Russell's lifetime a brother had presented to him a small wireless receiving set. There was no transmitter There never was any message sent
tions. The following Monday (March 4, 1918), at Scranton, Pennsylvania, several associates of the Society were arrested, charged with conspiracy, and were put under bond for their appearance for trial in May. Already more than twenty others had been forcibly detained in army camps or military prisons because of the war draft. c Outside pressure against the Society was piling up fast.
Courageously carrying forward their work against mounting odds, the band of valiant ones on March 15, 1918, released
from the Bethel home by wireless. This was in 1915, before the day of radio broadcasting, when even wireless telegraphy was in its infancy. In 1918 when two Army Intelligence men were going through Bethel they were taken to the roof and shown the penthouse where the wireless receiver had been; and then, in a lower storeroom, they were shown the instrument itself, packed away. By consent the receiving set was taken away by these army men.a
On Thursday, February 28,1918, following J.F.Rutherford's lecture the previous
Kingdom News No.1, headed "Religious Intolerance—Pastor Russell's Followers Persecuted Because They Tell the People the Truth—Treatment of Bible Students Smacks of the 'Dark Ages.'" Millions of this tract were distributed, exposing the clergy-inspired persecution of these zealous preachers in Germany, Canada and the United States.d This tract furthermore advertised the historic lecture to be delivered March 24, 1918, at the Brooklyn Academy of Music by the Society's president, entitled "The World Has Ended-Millions
Sunday at Los Angeles, California,b the Army Intelligence Bureau there took possession of the headquarters of the Los Angeles congregation of Bible students, confiscating many of the Society's publica-
Now Living May Never Die!" Three thousand heard this important lecture. e For 1918 a report shows there were 7,000 engaged in placing bound books from door to door, besides uncounted others who were distributing tracts and handbills and giving
personal verbal witness.
In April further clergy-inspired attempts to intimidate these preachers of the Kingdom message occurred. On April 15, 1918, however, Kingdom News No.2 appeared, being distributed by the millions of copies, with bold headlines: "The Finished Mystery and Why Suppressed—Clergymen Take a Hand." The facts of suppression in Canada and the United States up to April 15 were laid bare to the public, exposing the clergy's efforts to destroy the Society's activity. In connection with such distribution a petition was circulated, addressed to United States President Wilson:
"We, the undersigned Americans, hold that any interference by the clergy with independent Bible study is intolerant, un-American and un-Christian; and that any attempt to combine Church and State is radically wrong. In the interest of liberty and religious freedom, we solemnly protest against the suppression of The Finished Mystery, and petition the Government to remove all restrictions as to its use, that the people may be permitted without interference or molestation to buy, sell, have and read this aid to Bible study."g
On May 1, 1918, began the distribution of millions of Kingdom News No.3, which carried the headlines "Two Great Battles Raging—Satanic Strategy Doomed to Failure—The Birth of Antichrist."
On May 7,1918, warrants were issued by the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York to arrest
eight brothers connected with the Society's management and editorial committee. They were
J. F. Rutherford, W. E. Van Amburgh, A. H. Macmillan, R. J. Martin, C. J. Woodworth, G. H. Fisher, F. H. Robison and G. DeCecca. The next day, May 8, those warrants were served at Bethel by United States Marshal Power. Shortly after their arrest the eight were arraigned in the federal court, Judge Garvin presiding, and all were met with an indictment previously returned by the grand jury, charging h that the eight above named—
"unlawfully and feloniously did conspire, combine, confederate and agree together, and with divers other persons to the said Grand Jurors unknown, to commit a certain offense against the United States of America, to wit: the offense of unlawfully, feloniously and wilfully causing insubordination, disloyalty and refusal of duty in the military and naval forces of the United States of America when the United States was at war . . . by personal solicitations, letters, public speeches, distributing and publicly circulating throughout the United States of America a certain book called Volume VII Bible Studies The Finished Mystery, and distributing and publicly circulating throughout the United States certain articles printed in pamphlets called Bible Students Monthly, Watch Tower, Kingdom News and other pamphlets not named."i
Following the arraignment the defendants were released on bail bond of $2,500 each and the trial was set for June 3,1918. In its issue of May 11,1918, The Tablet (Roman Catholic), Brooklyn, revealingly said:
"Kingdom News Spread Around—Some May Go to Jail. Joseph F. Rutherford and some of
his colleagues are likely to pass their summer months in a villa where they will be protected from mobs who insult them by asking them to buy Liberty Bonds. . . It is quite interesting to note that Rutherford and all their ilk who take delight in going into convulsions over the [Catholic] Church are always being pursued by government officers.
AntiCatholicism and anti-Americanism seem to be twins."
The trial began on Monday, June 3, in the federal court in Brooklyn. Affidavits were filed by the eight defendants stating their reasons for believing that Judge Garvin was biased against them and their work, which action automatically adverted the case to Judge Chatfield, who in turn referred it to United States Judge Howe, specially brought to Brooklyn from Vermont to preside at the trial. After a fifteenday trial (later shown to contain over 125 errors, a mere few of which the appellate court ultimately chose to condemn the entire procedure as unfair) k on Thursday, June 20, at 10 p.m., the jury returned a verdict of "guilty." The next day, June 21, just after noon, Judge Harland B. Howe pronounced the sentence of twenty years' imprisonment in the federal penitentiary at Atlanta, Georgia. 1 The court reserved sentence as to Brother DeCecca until later. The New York Tribune of June 22, 1918, said:
"Joseph F. Rutherford and six of the other 'Russellites', convicted of violation of the Espionage Act, were sentenced to twenty years in the Atlanta Penitentiary yesterday, by Judge Howe. 'This is the happiest day of my life,' said Mr. Rutherford, on his way from the court to the jail, 'to serve earthly punishment for the sake of one's religious belief is one of the greatest privileges a man could have.' One of the strangest demonstrations that the Marshal's office in the Brooklyn Federal Court has ever seen, was held by the families and intimate friends of the convicted men soon after the prisoners had been taken to the Grand Jury room. The whole company made the old building ring with the strains of 'Blest be the tie that binds.' 'It is all God's will,' they told each other, with faces almost radiant. 'Some day the world will know what all this means. Meanwhile, let
us be thankful for the grace of God that has sustained us through our trials, and look forward to the Great Day that is to come.'"
Twice illegally denied bail requested by them at New York, and before completion of a third effort to arrange bail through co-operation of the Supreme Court at Washington, the prisoners were removed from New York on July 4 to the federal penitentiary at Atlanta, Georgia. Rutherford, on July 3, 1918, mentions the following in a letter later published:
"We are advised that seven who opposed the Society and its work during the past year attended upon the trial and lent aid to our prosecutors. We warn you, beloved, against the subtle efforts of some of them to fawn upon you now in an attempt to get hold of the Society."m
An executive committee was appointed to head the Society during absence of its imprisoned officers and an editorial committee of five functioned to continue writing The Watch Tower, an issue of which did not fail during these years of crisis. Throughout the country in succeeding months persecution against the Bible Students continued. There were more imprisonments, indignities at the hands of mobs, raids on meeting places, burnings of books and constant vilifications from the press and pulpit. Due to wartime pressures that prevented obtaining needed operational supplies, it was necessary on August 26, 1918, to close the Brooklyn headquarters. The removal was made to an office building in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, at Federal and Reliance Streets. The Brooklyn Tabernacle office and shipping center had been sold and the Bethel home closed. Thus by the summer of 1918 the once loud organized voice of the witnesses for Jehovah and his kingdom was silenced, their organized work figuratively killed, and deathlike inactivity came over the once energetic band of Christians.
They came to be firmly held in bondage by their Babylonish captors.
On November 11, 1918, the first world war suddenly ended. Numerous war prisoners were being released, but no freedom was in sight for the many Bible Students still in prisons and camps throughout the country. While in the Atlanta penitentiary, Rutherford and his seven associates were busy preaching on the inside. They were permitted to conduct Bible classes each Sunday in prison, attended by about a hundred of their fellow prisoners. q At Pittsburgh on January 4, 1919, a combination convention and corporation meeting attended by a thousand energetic workers was held to reconfirm the election of Rutherford and the others as officers and directors. They also passed a resolution expressing confidence in the innocence of the eight imprisoned officials. r In February, 1919, country-wide agitation was started by certain newspapers for the release of Rutherford and his associates. s Likewise the imprisoned men's friends wrote thousands of letters to newspaper editors, congressmen, senators and governors, urging action. Many were aroused to express themselves in favor of the release. t Then in March those friends got busy circulating a nationwide petition, which within a short time was signed by 700,000, asking the
government to render justice as to these falsely accused and imprisoned men. u Though never presented, this petition was "a witness to the truth"—an outstanding sign of the resurgence of the falsely accused preachers of Jehovah's kingdom. v
On March 2, 1919, Harland B. Howe, the federal district judge who was the first to deny bail after sentencing them to imprisonment, telegraphed Attorney General Gregory in Washington, at his request, 'recommending immediate commutation' of the sentences of the eight he named in his telegram. w (Gregory's resignation as attorney general became effective March 4, 1919.) But this maneuver to cause withdrawal of their appeal failed. Instead, on March 21, 1919, under direction of United States Supreme Court Justice Louis D. Brandeis, bail for the eight was ordered by a three-judge federal circuit court at New York that also ordered them to be returned forthwith from Atlanta to New York for the hearing of their appeal on April 14. The next Tuesday, March 25, they left Atlanta by train for Brooklyn where, on March 26, they were formally admitted to bail, $10,000 each, and released.x Banquet receptions awaited them, first, upon their arrival in Brooklyn, and, later, when they rejoined the happy Bethel family, then temporarily at Pittsburgh.
(To be continued) BIBLICAL MEASURES
A STUDY of the system of measures used in Palestine presents many complications. As the land was successively dominated by Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece and Rome, new systems were imposed, and for this reason there is considerable variation in the samples of weights and measures unearthed by archaeologists.1 Although there may be some variation in opinion as to precise values involved, yet the information available sheds considerable illumination on scriptures that refer to measurements.
LINEAR MEASUREMENT
The system prevalent in Babylonia was sexagesimal, being based on the number sixty; our division of time is an evidence of that practice carried over to our day. The Egyptian system was apparently decimal. The Hebrew scale adhered to neither of these exclusively, but rather employed a combination of systems. 2
The Hebrews and some neighboring peoples employed an arrangement obviously derived from the human body: the finger, hand, arm, span, foot and pace being used for measurement. Obviously, these differ with each individual; so some standard set of measures was needed for general use. The result was the use of the "fingerbreadth" as equal to approximately three-fourths of an inch, using its width for measuring. According to rabbinic tradition this represented seven barleycorns laid side by side. Four fingers would equal a "handbreadth," three handbreadths came to a "span" (the distance between the tip of the thumb and the little finger when extended) and two spans made a
"cubit," or an "ell," as Jewish authorities term it. There was also the pace, which is
similar to our yard, and the "reed," which was made up of six long cubits. The furlong or stade was one-eighth of a mile. 4
There has been considerable discussion about the value of the cubit, some arguing for as many as three different cubits of varying lengths. Some have claimed that it should be measured from the elbow to the tip of the center finger, or possibly to the knuckles, or to the wrist, or from the armpit to the tip of the outstretched fingers. Such variation in usage does not seem to be called for, however, and The Westminster Dictionary of the Bible, published in 1944, points out that it is probably "about 18 inches," or about six handbreadths. This was in common usage and was probably the older of the two cubits used, the second being a cubit "of a cubit and a handbreadth each." (Ezek. 40:5, AS) The Egyptians too had an arrangement something like this, with a common cubit and a royal cubit one-sixth longer, but they used it to give the king selfish advantage in trade. This was not done in Israel.
Let us apply this cubit measuring-stick to some of the Bible accounts and see what kind of picture it conveys. Regarding the ark in which Noah, his family and some of each of the animal kinds survived the Flood, Genesis 6:15, 16 (NW) says: "And this is how you will make it: three hundred cubits the length of the ark, fifty cubits its width, and thirty cubits its height. . . you will make it with a lower story, a second story and a third story." That was no week-end pleasure yacht, but a giant chest 450 feet long, 75 feet wide and 45 feet high, designed to house for more than a lunar year all that survived.
Much later on the flat plain of Dura in Babylonia King Nebuchadnezzar set up an image to which all were ordered to bow in worship. Its "height was threescore cubits, and the breadth thereof six cubits"; yes, that idol with a breadth of nine feet towered ninety feet up into the air to command the attention and worship of the people. (Dan. 3:1) Though this monstrosity filled the people with awe, faithful Hebrews did not bow in its service.
JOURNEYS
In Biblical times how far would one travel in a day? Well, that might depend on what day it was, who was in the party and how rough the country was. So when reference is made to "a day's journey" we can hardly stamp it with a fixed distance. Perhaps we can say that it would average about twenty miles. Some might go thirty miles, but if one was traveling with a sizable group it might not amount to more than ten miles or so. Perhaps this was the case with Jesus' parents. When they were returning home from the festival "the boy Jesus remained behind in Jerusalem, and his parents did not notice it. Assuming that he was in the company traveling together, they covered a day's
distance and then began to hunt him up among the relatives and acquaintances. But, not finding him, they returned to Jerusalem, making a diligent search for him. Well, after three days they found him in the temple sitting in the midst of the teachers and listening to them and questioning them."—Luke 2:43-46, NW.
If, now, it was the sabbath day in Israel, one would not be going very far at all. Less than a mile from the city gate
was permitted. (Acts 1:12) This is based on the thought that, while the tabernacle was 2,000 cubits (or 3,000 feet) from the camp of Israel, the people were permitted to go at least that far on the sabbath. 8 (Josh. 3:4) Undoubtedly it was due to this restricted travel that some who saw the dead heaved up from their tombs at the time of Jesus' death did not come into the holy city Jerusalem and report the occurrence until the first day of the week, after the Lord was raised. What force, too, this appreciation of the sabbath day's journey lends to Jesus' words: "Keep praying that your flight may not occur in wintertime nor on the sabbath day." (Matt. 24: 20; 27:52, 53, NW) A flight of less than a mile would be of little value in escaping the vengeance of destroying armies.
LAND AREA
For land measures two methods were in use in Israel. One designated the amount of land a yoke of oxen could plow in a day; literally the expression is a "span of a field." It is translated "acre" in the American Standard Version of the Bible. (1 Sam. 14:14; Isa. 5:10) The second method stated the amount of seed required to sow a given area. Thus, the 'sowing of a homer
of barley' was computed at the price of fifty shekels of silver.
(Lev. 27:16) This is the same type of measurement as given in connection with the altar built by Elijah on Mount Carmel. The priests of Baal had prayed in demonic frenzy, slashing themselves with knives, begging their god to answer them, but to no avail. Elijah, confident in Jehovah, built an altar for sacrifice "and he made a trench about the altar, as great as would contain two measures of seed." This was not a trench that would hold two measures of seed, but it enclosed the area that would require that much seed to sow it. The Talmud defines it as an area of 5,000 square ells or cubits, or an area seventy-five by one hundred and fifty feet. Elijah practically converted this large area into a pond; but did it hinder the sacrifice? "Then the fire of Jehovah fell, and consumed the burnt-offering, and the wood, and the stones, and the dust, and licked up the water that was in the trench." (1 Ki. 18:32, 38, AS) It was an outstanding spectacle that impressed deeply into the minds of the people that Jehovah is the true God.
CAPACITY
Were one to visit the market place or enter the kitchen of an ancient Hebrew family he might observe their measuring instruments in use. Sturdy, well-shaped pottery or stone vessels were most common. For liquids there was the "log," equal to about a pint and which was often used to measure out oil to accompany a sacrifice. 10 Four logs equaled one "cab," three cabs made a "hin," and six hins equaled one "bath," which may have been similar to the Greek "firkin." 11 Do we need a larger measure? Well, then, the "cor" should serve the purpose. It was equal to ten baths, or about 98 U.S. gallons. 12
Shift your attention now to the north, to Cana of Galilee, and observe what happened at the marriage feast that Jesus
attended there. Wine had run out. "As it was, there were six stone water-jars sitting there as required by the purification rules of the Jews, each able to hold two or three liquid measures. Jesus said to them: 'Fill the water-jars with water.' And they filled them to the brim. And he said to them: 'Draw some out now and take it to the director of the feast.' So they took it." (John 2:6-8, NW) Note the quantity: six jars each able to hold two or three firkins. It may be, as suggested by The Westminster Dictionary of the Bible, that the firkin was equal to approximately nine U.S. gallons. If only two firkins was put in each jar, it would mean that Jesus miraculously produced about 108 gallons of wine for the feast; or if they each held three full measures, it was about 162 gallons. 13 And it was not quantity at the expense of quality, for the director of the occasion pronounced it the best they had at the feast.
Perhaps if we turn our attention now to one of the Israelite housewives we shall observe more things of interest. See the vessel with which she measures flour; it is a "seah." Large? Yes, but so is the family, and although it holds nearly a peck and a half, it will be needed. There is a smaller measure though; it is the "omer," equal to 3.36 U.S. quarts. 14 We find the merchants in the market place using even larger vessels: the "ephah," which holds ten omers, and the "homer," which is the same as ten ephahs.
These are the same measures that were used over a period of many centuries. Note their mention in connection with Gideon. When the angel of Jehovah appeared "Gideon went in and proceeded to make ready a kid of the goats and an ephah of flour [1 bushel 1 quart 1.2 pints] as unfermented cakes. The meat he put in the basket and the broth he put in the cooking pot, after which he brought it out to him under the massive tree and served it." (Judg. 6:19, NW) That banquet was served at a time when great economic hardship pressed upon the people.
How devoted Gideon was, how appreciative of Jehovah's interest in his people, how confident that Jehovah would continue to provide!
Israel daily experienced Jehovah's loving care and they were constant recipients of his provisions, manna being given them daily for their nourishment during the wilderness trek. They did not suffer from any lack; an omer, or approximately three and a third quarts, of manna was provided for each one daily. Would you need more than that? Israel thought they did. They longed for meat. God's hand was not short. "A wind burst forth from Jehovah and began driving quails over from the sea and letting them fall above the camp about a day's journey this way and about a day's journey that way all around the camp and about two cubits above the surface of the earth. Then the people got up all that day and all night and all the next day and kept gathering the quail. The one collecting least gathered ten homers, and they kept spreading them extensively all around the camp for themselves."—Num. 11:31, 32, NW.
Extending out from this gigantic camp of two to three million persons about twenty miles on each side was a mammoth meat market to satisfy their craving. But greed and gluttony seized them. The one gathering least had over one hundred bushels. If we reason that only the men twenty-five years and older did the gathering, they took in over sixty million bushels of quail. They failed to exercise proper self-restraint and, above all, they failed to express thanks and appreciation to Jehovah for his bountiful provision. So the thirty-third verse relates: "The meat was yet between their teeth, before it could be chewed, when Jehovah's anger blazed against the people and Jehovah began striking at the people with a very great slaughter." How much
more fully we can appreciate these Bible accounts with a little knowledge of the meaning of these units of measure!
Note briefly the interrelation of these many units of measure we have discussed. Linear measure follows this pattern: one cubit equals 2 spans, 6 handbreadths or 24 fingers. In liquid measure, one cor is the same as 10 baths, 60 hins, 180 cabs, or 720 logs. A homer, the large unit of dry measure, is equivalent to 10 ephahs, 30 seahs, 100 omers, 180 cabs or 720 logs. And comparing the last two systems, we note that the ephah is the same as the bath and the homer is equal to the cor. McClintock and Strong's Cyclopedia comments on this relationship of measures: "The scale is constructed, it will be observed, on a combination of decimal and duodecimal ratios, the former prevailing in respect to the omer, ephah, and homer, and the latter in respect to the cab, seah, and ephah. In the liquid measure the duodecimal ratio alone appears, and hence there is a fair presumption that this was the original, as it was undoubtedly the most general principle on which the scales of antiquity were framed."16
Perhaps an endeavor to reconcile the many slight differences in precise measures as set out by archaeologists would be a forbidding task, but a simple knowledge of the relative values of measures used in the Bible is of practical value to all who read it.
HOW happy are those creatures who come to know Jehovah for what he is, the Supreme Sovereign of all the universe, whose flawless conduct should call forth the unqualified praise of every living thing! Such persons are moved to sing as did the psalmist of old: "Sing unto him a new song; play skilfully with a loud noise. For the word of Jehovah is right; and all his work is done in faithfulness. He loveth righteousness and justice: the earth is full of the lovingkindness of Jehovah." (Ps. 33:3-5, AS) These appreciative ones delight to "show that Jehovah is upright," so that multitudes of their fellow creatures may be induced to serve and worship his holy name for their own eternal welfare. Ps. 92:15, AS.
2 In another place David testified: "Good and upright is Jehovah." (Ps. 25:8, AS) His inspired writings, together with all the other Scriptures, unite to reflect for us
wonderfully the spotlessness and perfections of Jehovah. He is revealed to us as a holy God, absolutely pure, clean, incorruptible, undefilable, faithful, constant, and wholly devoted to righteousness. Human expression falls far short of adequate description of His excellence. Little wonder, then, that humble-minded humans are awed before his glorious though invisible majesty. No wonder they are inspired to approach into his presence by striving to conform their lives to the wonderful principles and laws that he originated for the operation of all his universal family. He is like a tremendous magnet toward which like-minded creatures are irresistibly drawn.
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